Minimum Flips to Make a OR b Equal to c — C++

// Time:  O(5)
// Space: O(1)

class Solution {
public:
    int minFlips(int a, int b, int c) {
        return number_of_1_bits((a | b) ^ c) + number_of_1_bits(a & b & ~c);
    }

private:
    int number_of_1_bits(int n) {
        n = (n & 0x55555555) + ((n >> 1) & 0x55555555);
        n = (n & 0x33333333) + ((n >> 2) & 0x33333333);
        n = (n & 0x0F0F0F0F) + ((n >> 4) & 0x0F0F0F0F);
        n = (n & 0x00FF00FF) + ((n >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF);
        n = (n & 0x0000FFFF) + ((n >> 16) & 0x0000FFFF);
        return n;
    }
};

// Time:  O(logn/4) = O(32/4) = O(8)
// Space: O(1)
class Solution2 {
public:
    int minFlips(int a, int b, int c) {
        // be care of evaluation order https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/eval_order
        // return __builtin_popcount(c ^= (a | b)) + __builtin_popcount(c & (a & b));  // Sequenced-before rules (since c++11)
        return (c ^= (a | b)) ? __builtin_popcount(c) + __builtin_popcount(c & (a & b)) : 0;  // compatible before c++11
    }
};

// Time:  O(31)
// Space: O(1)
class Solution3 {
public:
    int minFlips(int a, int b, int c) {
        int diff = (a | b) ^ c;
        return number_of_1_bits(diff) + number_of_1_bits(diff & (a & b));
    }

private:
    int number_of_1_bits(int n) {
        int result = 0;
        for (; n; n &= n - 1, ++result);
        return result;
    }
};

// Time:  O(31)
// Space: O(1)
class Solution4 {
public:
    int minFlips(int a, int b, int c) {
        int result = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < 31; ++i) {
            int a_i = a & 1, b_i = b & 1, c_i = c & 1;
            if ((a_i | b_i) != c_i) {
                result += (a_i == b_i && b_i == 1) ? 2 : 1;
            }
            a = a >> 1, b = b >> 1, c = c >> 1;
        }
        return result;
    }
};